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A torque converter in modern usage, is normally a fluid coupling that is used to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, for instance an internal combustion engine or an electrical motor, to a rotating driven load. Same as a basic fluid coupling, the torque converter takes the place of a mechanized clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter could offer the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque if there is a substantial difference between output and input rotational speed.
The fluid coupling unit is the most popular kind of torque converter utilized in auto transmissions. In the 1920's there were pendulum-based torque or likewise called Constantinesco converter. There are various mechanical designs used for always changeable transmissions which can multiply torque. Like for instance, the Variomatic is one version which has a belt drive and expanding pulleys.
The 2 element drive fluid coupling could not multiply torque. Torque converters have an part known as a stator. This changes the drive's characteristics throughout times of high slippage and produces an increase in torque output.
Within a torque converter, there are at least of three rotating parts: the turbine, to be able to drive the load, the impeller that is driven mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator. The stator is between the impeller and the turbine so that it can change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Normally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be prevented from rotating under whatever condition and this is where the term stator starts from. In fact, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still enabling forward rotation.
Changes to the basic three element design have been integrated sometimes. These modifications have proven worthy particularly in application where higher than normal torque multiplication is needed. Usually, these modifications have taken the form of many stators and turbines. Each and every set has been meant to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Various instances comprise the Dynaflow which utilizes a five element converter so as to produce the wide range of torque multiplication needed to propel a heavy vehicle.
While it is not strictly a part of classic torque converter design, different automotive converters comprise a lock-up clutch to lessen heat and to be able to enhance cruising power transmission efficiency. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical that eliminates losses connected with fluid drive.
